Human endeavour — Intermediate

Score: 0 / 20

Level 2: Intermediate

Explain, apply, analyse, sequence — connect ideas, read patterns, use rules in new contexts (bridge to Year 11).

1. Why should funding ties to a company that sells the product under study be disclosed?

   A)Funding source is irrelevant to how methods, analyses, and results should be readB)Disclosure is required only when the headline conclusion visibly favours the funderC)Industry-funded work is automatically invalid, so disclosure replaces critical readingD)Such ties can bias design, analysis, or reporting, and readers need that context early

2. Why is one small study rarely enough to support a bold causal claim in health?

   A)A single small study is always stronger evidence than many larger combined studiesB)Chance, bias, small samples, and confounders can mislead; replication and stronger design build confidenceC)Small samples always remove outliers and therefore yield cleaner causal estimates by defaultD)Causal claims in health rely on expert votes alone, not on design, size, or methods

3. Science and technology interact strongly because:

   A)Technology applies facts while science discovers them, with no feedback between themB)Instruments record data but never change which hypotheses scientists test or refineC)New understanding enables new tools, and new tools enable new measurements and questionsD)Engineering improves devices while scientific understanding stays fixed regardless of sensors

4. A policy maker ignores Indigenous knowledge where it is relevant to land management. A fair critique is:

   A)Excluding relevant knowledge systems can harm trust and outcomes; partnership may be ethically requiredB)Indigenous knowledge and ecological science never overlap, so integration is optionalC)Policy should follow the latest peer-reviewed paper only, ignoring long local land historyD)Land outcomes depend on rainfall models alone, not on site-specific stewardship knowledge

5. Open access publishing can affect science in society mainly by:

   A)Replacing peer review with faster posting, which always improves accuracy end to endB)Making findings easier for educators, clinicians, and the public to read and reuseC)Guaranteeing that raw data and executable code accompany every article in fullD)Ensuring that only non-specialists may cite the work so debate stays deliberately broad

6. Inductive reasoning in science typically moves from:

   A)General theory to deduction only, with no substantive role for new dataB)Axioms to pure logic chains, without observation, measurement, or empirical checksC)Peer review directly to fixed law, without patterns inferred from evidence in betweenD)Specific observations toward general patterns or models that remain open to revision

7. Technology can drive scientific progress when:

   A)New instruments allow measurements that were previously impossible or very coarseB)Engineers stop using scientific principles in design work across major industriesC)Society bans all laboratory research without exception under emergency lawD)Hypotheses are abandoned wholesale and no longer used in ongoing investigations

8. A research code of conduct exists mainly to:

   A)Stop all collaboration between institutions and teams regardless of project goalsB)Replace ethics review with popularity votes or informal hallway polls aloneC)Promote integrity, safety, honesty, and respect in how research work is conductedD)Hide negative results automatically from readers, reviewers, and regulators by default

9. Citizen science can strengthen projects when it:

   A)Replaces all expert validation, calibration, and independent quality checksB)Expands data collection and public engagement while still using quality controlC)Removes the need for protocols, training, oversight, or documented inclusion rulesD)Guarantees representative samples without study design, frames, or eligibility rules

10. Why might patents and peer-reviewed papers both matter in applied research?

    A)They are identical legal instruments serving the same disclosure and licensing roleB)Patents remove any need to describe methods, results, or enabling detail in publicC)Journals forbid applied or industry-relevant work by rule across all disciplinesD)Patents protect inventive steps; papers share findings; incentives and openness differ

11. Journals that charge fees but lack rigorous review pose a major risk because:

    A)They always improve dissemination speed with no measurable downside for qualityB)They replace libraries and archives as the sole authoritative record of scienceC)They are functionally identical to discipline preprint servers such as arXivD)Low-quality or misleading work can look peer-reviewed to non-experts and policymakers

12. Pre-registration of analysis plans can reduce certain biases because it:

    A)Removes the need for ethics review of human-participant studies before they beginB)Limits hypothesising after results are known and selective reporting of outcomesC)Forbids independent replication by other research groups under registry rulesD)Hides raw data and methods from readers, reviewers, and oversight bodies

13. Plain-language summaries alongside technical reports can help the public mainly by:

    A)Reducing misreading of jargon and supporting informed discussion of trade-offs and limitsB)Replacing the need for peer review because plain text is always easier to verifyC)Guaranteeing that every reader will agree with the conclusions the agency prefersD)Removing responsibility to cite methods, uncertainties, or conflicts of interest

14. Equity in access to vaccines or treatments concerns:

    A)Only high-income countries by design, with no obligation to support wider accessB)Fair distribution, logistics, and trust, not biological efficacy aloneC)Random allocation with no regard for need, risk, vulnerability, or justiceD)Patent law alone, with no parallel attention to price, access, or last-mile delivery

15. Science denial movements sometimes use tactics such as:

    A)Demanding more replication and larger samples in good faith without other demandsB)Cherry-picking data, false balance, and attacking scientists instead of engaging evidenceC)Reading only systematic reviews and meta-analyses before forming any public viewD)Funding open data, preregistered studies, and independent audits as their main strategy

16. Responsible innovation frameworks often ask about purpose, values, and:

    A)Only short-term profit, without wider social or environmental consequencesB)Marketing slogans substituted for structured impact assessment and monitoringC)Patent filing speed treated as the sole ethical criterion for go or no-go decisionsD)Anticipated impacts, inclusion of affected groups, and clear governance arrangements

17. A proven home-insulation subsidy spreads slowly because rural homes cannot access installers and up-front costs are high. This mainly illustrates:

    A)Access and cost barriers can limit adoption even when the underlying recommendation is soundB)Evidence strength is irrelevant whenever a policy is backed by a government websiteC)Rural communities always reject science-based advice regardless of logistics or priceD)Peer review alone removes the need to plan delivery, equity, or communication

18. Indigenous data sovereignty emphasises:

    A)Open release of all data without consent, governance, or negotiated access rulesB)Ignoring community authority when storing, sharing, or reusing sensitive datasetsC)Community authority over data about peoples, lands, and culturally linked knowledgeD)Only central government ownership, with no recognised community decision-making role

19. Public understanding of uncertainty in forecasts improves when communicators:

    A)Hide ranges and scenarios to avoid confusing audiences with multiple futuresB)Rely only on p-values without intervals, assumptions, or real-world contextC)Promise single fixed dates or outcomes with no range, caveats, or updated revisionsD)Explain ranges, scenarios, and why reputable models sometimes disagree on details

20. A satellite sensor network tracks sea surface temperature to test climate models. This pair best shows:

    A)Science advancing without any dependence on engineered measurement systemsB)Engineering replacing the need for hypotheses, peer review, or published methodsC)Engineered tools supplying data that refine scientific models and future questionsD)Technology and science operating as unrelated activities with no shared datasets

← Back to hub