Human endeavour — Intermediate

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Level 2: Intermediate

Explain, apply, analyse, sequence — connect ideas, read patterns, use rules in new contexts (bridge to Year 11).

1. Conflicts of interest (e.g. funding from a company selling the product) should be disclosed because:

   A)Funding source is a private matter that does not change how methods should be readB)Disclosure is only required when the study’s conclusion favours the funderC)Industry-funded work is automatically invalid, so disclosure replaces critical readingD)They can bias design, analysis or reporting—readers should judge credibility with that context

2. Why is one small study rarely enough to prove a bold causal claim in health?

   A)A single well-run study is preferred over noisy meta-analyses that mix designsB)Chance, bias, small samples, and confounders may mislead; replication and better design build confidenceC)Small samples eliminate outliers, so they give cleaner causal estimates than big trialsD)Causal claims in health rely on expert consensus only, not on study design or size

3. Science and technology interact because:

   A)Technology applies known facts while science discovers new ones, with no feedback between themB)Instruments record data but do not change which hypotheses scientists can testC)New understanding enables new tools; new tools enable new measurements and questionsD)Engineering optimises existing devices; scientific understanding is unaffected by better sensors

4. A policy maker ignores Indigenous knowledge where it is relevant to land management. A science–society critique is:

   A)Excluding relevant knowledge systems can worsen trust and outcomes; ethical protocols may require partnership and respectB)Indigenous knowledge and ecological science address different questions, so integration is optionalC)Policy should follow the latest peer-reviewed paper only, regardless of local land historyD)Land management outcomes depend on rainfall models alone, not on who holds site-specific knowledge

5. Open access publishing can affect science in society by:

   A)Replacing peer review with faster posting, which always improves accuracyB)Making findings easier for educators, clinicians and the public to readC)Guaranteeing that raw data and code are published in full for every articleD)Ensuring only non-specialists can cite the work, to broaden debate

6. Inductive reasoning in science moves from:

   A)Theory to deduction onlyB)Axioms to pure logic without dataC)Peer review to law without observationD)Specific observations toward general patterns or models (tentative)

7. Technology can shape science when:

   A)New instruments allow measurements that were previously impossible or coarseB)Engineers stop using scientific principlesC)Society bans all labsD)Hypotheses are no longer needed

8. A code of conduct in research exists mainly to:

   A)Stop all collaborationB)Replace ethics review with popularity votesC)Promote integrity, safety, honesty and respect in how work is doneD)Hide negative results automatically

9. Citizen science can strengthen projects by:

   A)Replacing all expert validationB)Expanding data collection and engagement while still needing quality controlC)Removing the need for protocolsD)Guaranteeing representative samples without design

10. Why might patents and publication both matter in applied research?

    A)They are identical legal documentsB)Patents remove the need to describe methodsC)Journals forbid applied workD)Patents protect inventive steps; papers share findings—incentives and openness differ

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