Heredity and evolution — Foundational

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Level 1: Foundational

Identify, describe, state, calculate — recall facts and use standard relationships (typical early Year 10).

1. Which process produces gametes with half the chromosome number of typical body cells?

   A)MitosisB)MeiosisC)Binary fission only in animalsD)Photosynthesis

2. In humans, the molecule that carries genetic instructions in chromosomes is mainly:

   A)StarchB)DNAC)GlucoseD)Oxygen

3. A gene is best described as:

   A)An entire chromosomeB)Any cell in the bodyC)A segment of DNA that typically codes for a functional product (often a protein)D)The membrane around the nucleus

4. Alleles are:

   A)Identical copies of the whole genomeB)Different versions of the same geneC)Organelles that make ATPD)Stages of mitosis only

5. Mitosis in a diploid parent cell (2n) produces daughter cells that are:

   A)Typically 2n and genetically similar to the parentB)Typically n (haploid)C)Always gametesD)Always genetically different from each other

6. In a monohybrid cross Aa × Aa with complete dominance, the expected phenotypic ratio dominant : recessive is:

   A)1 : 1B)1 : 2 : 1C)3 : 1D)9 : 3 : 3 : 1

7. The genotype refers to:

   A)What you can see (e.g. flower colour)B)The allele combination (e.g. Bb)C)The environment onlyD)The number of chromosomes in the universe

8. Which is a line of evidence commonly used to support evolution and common ancestry?

   A)All fossils are identicalB)Homologous structures with different functions in related speciesC)Species never changeD)Only plants evolve

9. Variation in a population is important for natural selection because:

   A)It guarantees every individual survivesB)It removes the need for reproductionC)Selection acts on differences; some variants may leave more offspringD)It stops DNA from mutating

10. Natural selection acts on traits that are:

    A)Only learned during life (never inherited)B)Often heritable and linked to survival or reproduction in an environmentC)Always harmfulD)Fixed and identical for all members

11. A phenotype is:

    A)The observable trait or traits expressed from genotype and environmentB)Always identical to the genotype with no environmental effectC)Only the DNA sequence of one chromosomeD)The number of chromosomes in a gamete

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